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Strengthening the foundations – the most laborious process in the repair of any buildings. Selecting the way to strengthen the foundations in the first place depends on the reasons causing it. The destruction of the basement around the perimeter. With this form of destruction along the tape or on the perimeter of pier foundation digging a trench. Surface of the foundation and walls thoroughly cleaned of dirt and old plaster, and then in the design of foundations clog metal net, which, referring to a dis-tance attaches to the anchors, released from foundations and plinth of the wall. Install formwork and concreted. After curing the concrete trench to sleep with a careful layer by layer plugging.

Replacing destroyed part of the foundation. In this case, suit new and additional areas on the sides of foundation, formed in the form of masonry, stone, getting the clutch to the desired width and providing a link between old and new masonry. Foundation base is not deepened. Strengthening areas of foundations. foundations made of rubble, rubble concrete, reinforced concrete, soil-concrete and other materials satisfied with reinforced concrete broadened the clip, which closely relate to the existing masonry through anchored so as to re-made parts "worked" together with the old part of the foundation and transmit the load on the ground. Increasing the bearing capacity of the base stations. If necessary, along the weak, requiring the discharge of foundations on both sides spread a new, for which load from the overlying the building is transmitted through concrete or metal beams passing through the mounting part. Newly laid the foundations of cross-cutting anchor anchors to existing foundations for a joint "work" the old and new foundations.

Should lay the foundation below the depth of soil freezing, the magnitude of which varies, usually ranging from 80 to 240 cm, depending on the region (for Moscow, for example, the figure is 140 cm). Under heavy walls (stone, brick, concrete, etc.) put tape foundations around the perimeter of the exterior and interior walls. Under the wooden walls as well as deep freezing and heaving soils – columnar. The material used for foundations in situ concrete, concrete blocks, clay brick, iron ore, etc. In order for the foundation last longer without breaking, it is necessary to seal the. Usually used for this purpose bitumen emulsion and special protective mastic (Giperdesmo "," Rabberfleks "," Stromiks ", etc.). In addition to waterproofing, as a rule, make insulation, which is logical: the heat loss through the foundation can reach 15-20%. Formerly widely used for insulation foam, today no less popular with extruded polystyrene (Styrofoam, Penopleks, Styrodur, etc.) – both are indifferent to the material to absorb moisture and biodegradable.

Traditionally it was thought that the wall made of homogeneous material, it is safer than a multi-layered. However, the durability of the material of homogeneous structure decreases with time. In addition, today's building codes (SNIP 23-02.2003) establish a number of stringent requirements for durability, noise and heat insulation of buildings, and experts say that to achieve compliance, if the house walls are made of the same material, almost unreal. World practice demonstrated that the benefits of multi-wall structures are greater durability and less weight to the building.

That is why wooden houses all over the world are the most expensive and prestigious. Today in wooden construction used mainly four well-known architectural and construction systems: building construction made of logs, bar, frame and panel construction. In Russia, the most traditional is the construction of houses made of logs (OTSB). For construction is usually used pine or hardwood tree. Most prized timber from northern latitudes, where the tree grows only 3-4 months, very slowly, reaching the age of 100-150 years. This provides an extraordinary strength and density of construction material and natural resin protects the wood from rot and reduces its thermal conductivity. The walls are made of this material hold heat in two times better than a brick wall the same thickness. otsb advantage of when building a house is a smooth, round shape, allows to achieve a tight connection logs.

Identical in length logs, first grind to a diameter of 18-32 cm (the most popular – 28 cm), cut out the necessary grooves for fixing holes for windows and doors. Then the house collect, as a designer. Wall necessarily cover special breathable varnish to provide protection from environmental influences. This avoids the extra costs of repair and decoration of the walls – yet another plus in favor of otsd. The undoubted downside is the price of a house built of logs. It is unlikely that it will be cheaper than a brick (Price per square meter in the new wooden house ranges from 25 to 45 thousand rubles.), And time for construction itself will take much longer (only for shrinkage take a year and a half).

Upholstery work must be performed in accordance with the approved samples. Acceptance is made only after the complete drying of surfaces covered with shrink or pasted linkrusta. Quality upholstery work should meet the following requirements: the laminated surfaces should not be bubbles and blemishes, and all banners must have the same color and shade; fit the figure at the joints must be accurate; omissions and delamination not allowed; joints wallpaper with label their butt should not be visible at a distance of 3 m, with Wallcovering lap cloth edge should be facing towards the light (towards the windows); distortions, shriveled, looseness adjacency to the base (in places wallpaper contiguity to the slope of openings) are not permitted; edge glued wallpaper should be vertical; gluing wallpaper edges of the casings and baseboards are not allowed. Table. 44 listed ways to eliminate defects in upholstery work. Measurement made of upholstery work is performed on the surface is actually covered with a net area of door and window openings. table 44. methods of elimination of defects wallpaper works The cause of the defect Remedy Full or partial peeling wallpaper near the eaves Covering surfaces previously painted water-Kohler, too rapid drying out wallpapers from drafts or excessive furnace; weak thick paste with wallpaper wallpaper Perekleit Bubbles and wrinkles Slow drying: a strong paste with thin wallpaper; negligent smoothing Cut bubbles and wallpaper glue the inclined blades work without Plumb Perekleit curvilinearity figure Negligence in fitting the picture when gluing wallpaper – Thick seam pasting the old wallpaper without pre-cleaning welds; pasting overlap with dense wallpaper – Threads seams pasting overlap wallpaper was made for light – Pollution wallpaper, filled with edge glue seeping through the wallpaper in Negligence; smearing hot wallpaper paste – wallpaper Gaps in the corners of the walls by gluing the whole angle cloth without cutting it with an allowance of 2-3 cm right corner okleit lag wallpaper from casings and baseboards Places in casings and baseboards before Wallcovering not grease Grease and flour paste glue Germination color underlying Wallpaper Application of low-quality aniline dyes in the manufacture of wallpaper Remove old wallpaper glue paper and wallpaper paste over again solid blotches under the wallpaper glue or contaminated Clean the surface of solid particles and perekleit negligence in cutting edge Perekleit Wallpaper Ripped

Therefore, in such systems can be used safely only heavy and unsightly cast iron radiators, which are particularly resistant to extremes of temperature and oxygen. On a modern and efficient heating devices have to forget. The most common are systems with a circulating pump can use a pipe with a smaller cross section, and therefore, ultimately prove to be more "economical". In addition, as a rule, they closed, that is, they use the diaphragm expansion tanks in which the coolant is not contact with atmospheric air. This allows the diversity of modern space heaters – bimetal and aluminum radiators, steel panel and tubular heaters, finally, design radiators. However, and here the problem of dissolved oxygen and corrosion does not cease to be relevant.

If, on domestic regulations, the oxygen content in the coolant should be no more than 0,02 g / l, in practice and in the central systems, and autonomous (with intensive feeding of) this value is ten to twenty times more. It is therefore reasonable to use modern, corrosion-resistant pipes, for example, such as tubular steel radiator Charleston Pro (Development Zehnder) with a special internal anti-corrosion coating. "Pitfalls" Mounting As previously mentioned, assembly defects are manifested at once. Often "in place" they are difficult to observe even for an expert. Shortcomings declare themselves in the worst possible moment – during the heating season. They appear usually leak coolant and reducing power of the system, because of what housing does not get the right amount of heat. Major errors installers, for which then pays the customer, are fairly typical.

Anyone knows a well-known and hackneyed "life plan": every person should plant a tree, build a house and raise a son. If you've already planted a tree and just now decided to start building houses, then, as many Russians decide the question – from which it is better to build? Of brick or wood? Today in the Russian construction market, there are many contractors who are ready for your first call to take up construction of houses. Before hiring builders, it would be nice to determine the functional purpose of the planned your home. For example, if you want to live in this house almost all the time – surely it should still build of bricks, or the same stone. And if it's just a country house where you will live only from time to time – far more expedient to build cottages made of wood. In our time building houses from wood again acquires its former popularity, because now all the priorities remain the same proven over the centuries wood and timber, how much would the Russian market may be innovative building materials. Construction of cottages from a tree get much cheaper than this building would be made of brick. Besides the tree longer retains heat in winter and cool in summer, also is an environmentally friendly natural material. What is interesting, the tree is bad conductor of heat – so people can reduce the thickness of the walls. The very process of building a house made of wood can be carried out in winter – and even encouraged to do so in the winter, because through this you can avoid excessive drying and deformation of the wooden beams under the influence of the rays of summer sun.

In recent years, increasingly common in homes receive sealed fiberglass windows made of plastic, wood or aluminum. People such as Shimmie Horn would likely agree. This process is irreversible and will continue to grow more, because These windows are much more warm and allow to achieve significant savings in energy used for heating homes. In addition, modern windows greatly increase the comfort of home: greatly simplifies their maintenance, are easy to use, in flats is getting warmer and quieter drafts disappear. Unfortunately, practice shows that along with the obvious advantages, the use of modern sealed windows leads to a number of specific problems sanitary nature, not previously encountered. Modern window usually has four modes: 'closed', 'open – door wide open', 'open – door thrown' and 'slit aeration', in which valve moves away from the frame on the 1-3mm, forming a gap around the perimeter. During warmer months, residents may be without too much trouble to open casement windows for ventilation at home. At the same time to dust the room, and an increase in noise levels have tolerated, with the penetration of insects cope mosquito netting on the window. It should be noted that in the summer because of the alignment of internal and external temperature of air decreases abruptly thrust channels ventilation of the house and even with the windows open air is very small, it can be normalized only with mechanical exhaust system. In winter, to dust and noise added to the problem of drafts and cold. Modern windows are deprived of the traditional small air vents at the top, and swing and hinged opening doors for ventilation of the house leads to ingress into the room in winter excessive amount of cold air, reducing temperature and the formation of drafts.

Unfortunately, the domestic construction industry is often the case situation is that after the official commissioning of the object where there is room to do something. " We have to re-perestilat floors, change the wiring, plastering walls, etc. Marriage becoming one of the most important industry issues. The fight with him – in the interests of each developer, in any case, those who care about their reputation. John Savignano has much experience in this field. Not a single SNiPs At present, among many builders There is The view that domestic building construction regulations are outdated and no longer valid. As a consequence, increasing disregard for these regulations in the process of erecting buildings. This fact is noted and a leading specialist service state construction supervision and examination of St. For more information see this site: Leslie Westreich. Petersburg Sergei Konoplev.

"If you hear from someone that the construction regulations are outdated, do not trust him – he says. – Russian standards meet the highest international standards, but sorry that is not always respected. " Scale of the problem demonstrated by the results of a recently erected check in the capital of prefabricated houses. Thus, during its 293 violations were found requirements for construction and installation work and found many other errors. It should be noted that this test was only carried out for new buildings that are erected within the municipal order. Similar information on commercial real estate sector, but there are all grounds to assume that the cases there are no better. In any case, for marriage now is all that does not meet the specifications described in snip.

Conceived to renovate the house – it is right. The house of every person – it is his castle, where you want to come after a busy day, relax in a comfortable chair watching television or convene a provocative company of relatives. Comfortable and elegant accommodation – it's a matter of pride owner of housing and make the guests. I think that some will argue and argue that the building – an impossible and very costly. Of course, in most cases this is true, but nowadays there are many technical developments that will help you in the implementation of construction, and the mountain of information available in the global network will give a lot of instructions and manuals.

In most cases, repair of apartments more natural to entrust the professionals. Click Leslie Westreich to learn more. For example, it is unlikely you by virtue of their own hands to realize the unique design of the architect is best to hire a team of workers. But this issue should come fairly responsibly. Main – is to sustain the right decision – not to chase the cheap, and remember as, for repairs, we generally conceive every day. Nowadays the market is huge a variety of companies that provide services of this kind. Experienced people recommend to consult on his project in a few such firms to choose and after a suitable offer. It is also an excellent option may become recommendation to hire those or other builders from friends or relatives who have been employees of the organization. To deepen your understanding Leslie Westreich is the source. Still not too lazy to find online recommendations of former clients, usually on a case- portals today to realize this is quite simple.

Also, experts can help you prepare an individual design of flats in any style. Nowadays it is quite modern, easy pasting wallpaper and molding a simple tile long ago in the past. Individual and diverse development – it's sparkle at home. This question is of course a lot depends on personal desires and the imagination – whether you want an apartment in the French style, or something modern of minimalism – you decide. Proven designer necessarily has a large portfolio of which it is easy to pick up some already implemented the idea. Also worth noting is the construction of town houses, there is no support the proven team of workers can not do. Useful for interior designers, painters and carpenters. All of these forces under the guidance of strength in the set time frame to build your project conceived without the expense and alterations.

Any inhabitant of the planet really wants so that his home would be cozy, comfortable, and in addition was a good idea is protected, not only from exposure to natural conditions actually like for example say the rain, but from different thieves. Given all specified, it is easy to make a definite conclusion, which is clearly for such protection, in principle, almost any residential premises need a roof, windows and doors. In that case if, for example roof multistory building in which the personal apartment, or roof of a personal cottage, is mounted as a result of the construction site and, in fact, in the future too will request any interference with the normal side of tenants, then the windows in general, all to some extent by another. Specifically, both at the same time, if the window, and more accurate to say the old window frames, the most optimal way will obviously replace them with multi-function metal. In addition to that every normal person for their own housing actually gets warm, comfort, and an important barrier barrier against thieves. For its part, in respect of the entry door, you want to highlight that the ideal option for your any housing as apartments and country house, will be the iron doors. If you would like to know more about John Savignano, then click here.. Making a choice, in general, what doors will go better, you want to take into account the following background information. Paramount, multifunctional metal doors are definitely a specialized structure that suggests the strength of any door, good looks and, of course, claimed the protection of all sorts of thieves.

Secondly, picking up the door, do not necessarily spend a huge amount of money, say like in parallel with the elite steel doors, are made increasingly cheaper versions directly which according to their functional abilities to the full in no worse. And quite have the opportunity for a modest sum, not only to protect an apartment or private cottage from intruders, thieves and more accurate to say, but please owners for many years, his own appearance. True, while it is worth mentioning that not all the proposals on the market of such doors, meet the previously listed qualities. And because to acquire the door, solely renowned and reputable manufacturers including securely. Perhaps check out Leslie Westreich for more information. With absolutely total conviction can be said that these metal doors are steel doors 'Toreks' Guardian doors, steel doors 'Zetta', steel doors Elbor, Tabor, steel doors, steel doors 'Professor'. Definitely so, for example company Guardian, made of iron and of course highly doors also produces to the markets of various relevant panels, door locks and, of course, accessories, and so is bound to anyone who will make their choice in favor of the manufacturer, will definitely choose the best combination of the front door with the appropriate accessories. In real life, a good selection of front door, it does not guarantee that it will be for some years to faithfully serve and exercise their specific functional problem.

Effective purchase selection of steel doors will be in the form, for example if its exercise in a special shop. Today actually it does not need to leave the apartment, or to leave the workplace. Enough to go to the website of the main type of work which is selling steel doors. Purely on this internet portal online store, simply do not just find the right door of the proposed diversity, but also ordered the carriage, and of course wiring installation, which will hold a skilled craftsmen, in the most appropriate for the client for some time.